Brazil's Largest City Takes on Transition
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We can't avoid going where the laws of physics are taking us.
supply and demand
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Hubbert's Curve
Dr. Marion King Hubbert was a geologist who, in 1949, presented a curve predicting the rise and fall of oil production in the conterminous United States. After the passage of time, this curve proved to be quite accurate, and it came to be known as “Hubbert’s curve.” It is a “bell-shaped” curve, which rises to a single peak (highest point) and then declines. The peak is known as “Hubbert’s peak.” According to Hubbert’s curve, oil production in a large area increases very fast initially, when much oil is discovered and is easy to extract. Then, when approximately half of the total oil reserve has been extracted, production tapers off and then declines as less and less new oil is discovered, extraction becomes more difficult and costly, and the initial wells run out. (This life-cycle of the oil production process is sometimes referred to as “Hubbert’s cycle.”) Production of a well or field ends when it ceases to be profitable. Since oil is used mainly as a source of energy (as opposed to a raw material for other products), production ceases, independently of economic considerations , when the amount of energy required to extract the oil exceeds the amount of energy produced by the oil.
Thank you Marion
when the super giant ghawar oil field peaks, the_world_peaks
Saudi Arabia has over 300 recognized reservoirs but 90% of its oil comes from the five super giant fields discovered between 1940 and 1965. Since the 1970s there haven't been new discoveries of giant fields. The most significant of the oil fields is Ghawar. Found in 1948, the 300-mile-long sliver near the Persian Gulf is the world's largest oil field and accounts for 55%-60% of all Saudi oil produced. Ghawar's current proven reserves are 12% of the world's total. The field produces 5 mbd, which is 6.25% of the world's oil production. Ghawar's northern regions are almost depleted. Two other giant fields, Abqaiq and Berri, also seem to have peaked in the 1970s.
Ghawar is dying
VICTORY GARDENS
Go!!!
conservation is hard
but it can be fun to :)
pedal to the metal, asleep at the wheel
